中國文學(xué)英譯絮談
“公子王孫把扇搖”
施耐庵的《水滸》,原本多至一百二十回。明末清初的金圣嘆將之刪改成七十回,并刪去了原本中對封建統(tǒng)治階級怨怒的詩詞。
金圣嘆怎樣刪改詩詞呢?
例如第三十七回(金本第三十六回),“浪里白條”張順的哥哥“船火兒”張橫在潯陽江唱的《湖州歌》,原為:“老爺生長在江邊,不怕官司不怕天。昨夜華光來趁我,臨行奪下一金磚!”金圣嘆將之改作如下:“老爺生長在江邊,不愛交游只愛錢。昨夜華光來趁我,臨行奪下一金磚!”一句之改,意義就大不相同了。
《水滸》的兩種英譯,美國的賽珍珠(Pearl Buck),英國的杰克遜(Jackson),都是根據(jù)金圣嘆的本子翻譯的。
杰克遜將這一首歌譯成如下:
Alone I live on the river's bank;
Not a friend but money do I adore.
Last night the moon helped me fine;
I saw some gold and captured it.
杰克遜是把“華光”解釋為“月光”,故譯作“Moon”。
《水滸》是以一首宋朝邵康節(jié)所作的詩起頭的,詩如下:
紛紛五代亂離間,一旦云開復(fù)見天。
草木百年新雨露,車書萬里舊山川。
尋常巷陌猶簪笏,取次園林亦管弦。
人老太平春未老,鶯花無害日高眠。
杰克遜的英譯如下:
Amid chaos of dynasties five,
Peaceful days at last revive;
Mountains and rivers are of yore,
Benevolence of hundred years and more.
Orioles sang in forest tree,
Entrancing music filled the air;
The people dressed in gorgeous silks,
Contentment reigned everywhere.
杰克遜這一首譯詩,詞句有顛倒,大意卻不錯。
《水滸》中最有名的歌詞,當(dāng)是在“智取生辰綱”中“白日鼠”白勝唱的一首:
赤日炎炎似火燒,野田禾稻半枯焦。
農(nóng)夫心內(nèi)如湯煮,公子王孫把扇搖。
現(xiàn)介紹這首詩的英譯四種于后。
白之(Birch)的英譯是這樣的:
Blazing sun like a fire burning,
Crops in the fields to a crisp are turning.
Farmer's blood bubbles like boiling soup,
Gentlemen at ease for fans are yearning.
張心滄的英譯是這樣:
The hot sun is burning like a kitchen stove!
The green shoots in the paddy fields are browned and wilting.
The farmer's insides seethe like a pot of stew,
While the prince in his tower fretfully waves his fan.
賽珍珠的英譯是這樣:
The sun burns with fiery hand,
The rice is scorched on the dry land.
The farmers' hearts are hot with grief.
But idle princes must be fanned.
杰克遜的英譯是這樣:
The sun pours down its glowing heat,
Parching the growing corn;
The farmer's heart melts in the glow,
The rich fan to and fro,
While I sweat here forlorn.
杰克遜的英譯,第五行是譯者多添,是原文所無的。大概只是為了要用“forlorn”這一個字,使之與第二行的“corn”押韻。
賽珍珠的譯文,顯然勝于杰克遜了。
她把“把扇搖”譯作“要人撥扇”(must be fanned),把愿意有所引伸了,西方人不像東方人,很少自己搖扇的。
白之與賽珍珠的英譯,都是押韻,譯筆也比較簡練。
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